Religious Elements of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit - Literature Essay Samples

Religious symbols, narratives, and language play prominent roles in both A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. In the Portrait, religious symbols and language permeate the consciousness of Stephen, such that his spiritual and physical experiences are inextricably entwined. While Stephen attempts to deny and distance himself away from the dominant discourses provided by the state and religion, his artistic sensibility is ultimately entrenched in the language of religion. In Oranges, through the retelling of biblical myths and fairytale stories, Jeanette liberates herself from the hold of narratives that entrap her in a system of patriarchy, fundamentalist religion and heterosexuality. In doing so, Jeanette opens the text to a fluidity of interpretations, which results in a destabilization in the narratives of fairytales and biblical texts. As such, she has succeeded as an artist where Stephen has yet to succeed, in her use of narratives and langua ge to subvert dominant discourses such as religion. In the Portrait, the religious and sacred associations are â€Å"reshuffled† (Akoi 301) with the secular and physical associations. Spirituality and physicality becomes inextricably intertwined, as seen in the use of sacred language to describe his tryst with the prostitute. His sexual awakening is also an awakening of his spiritual desires; it is a ‘holy encounter’ (106), that allows him to transcend profanity, ‘before which everything else was idle and alien’ (105). He venerates the prostitute with a religious intensity, whose ‘frank uplifted eyes’, moves him to ‘Tears of joy and relief’, he ‘[surrenders] himself body and mind’ ‘conscious of nothing in the world’ (107-108). Conversely, virgin Mary is described sensually, ‘the glories of Mary held his soul captive†¦ his soul, reentering her dwelling shyly†¦ the savior itself of a lewd kiss’ (112). This intertwining of the phys ical and spiritual culminates in his vocation as an artist-priest, ‘a priest of eternal imagination, transmuting the daily bread of experience into the radiant body of everliving life’ (240). Here, we can see that Stephen’s conception of aesthetics remains construed in the language of priesthood and religion. In doing so, he confers a divine and sacred legitimacy to the artist, who holds the power to materialize and capture intangible experiences of desire and excitement. In contrast, the ‘chill and order’ of Catholic priesthood ‘repelled him’ (174), an anathema to Stephen’s desire and longing for excitement, to ‘learn his own wisdom apart from others or to learn the wisdom of others himself wandering the snares of the world’ (175). He accepts his ‘destiny†¦ to be elusive of social or religious order’, seeking to escape the ‘hold†¦ of order and obedience’ that ‘threatened to end for ever†¦ his freedom’ (175). Yet, in spite of the high-minded artistic ambitions of Stephen, his religious influences remain deeply-rooted, as warned by his pastor, ‘once a priest, always a priest’ (173) and by Cranly, that his ‘mind is supersaturated with the religion in which [he] says [he] disbelieves’ (261). Nevertheless, he proudly takes on ‘the name of the fabulous artificer’ (183), ‘a living thing, new and soaring and beautif ul, impalpable, imperishable’ (184). His cry joyfully ascribes sacredness to the physical reality, ‘Heavenly God!’, ‘in an outburst of profane joy’ (186). His romanticisation of nature and beauty is driven by the intensity of Catholic resurrection and transcendence of the soul. ‘By merging the Catholic and Romantic versions of the soul, Stephen essentially creates his own soul, operating as both the Catholic god who creates the soul and the Romantic poet who finds his soul in the life of experience’ (Howell 61). Stephen becomes a creator just like Daedalus, who crafts wings for himself and his son Icarus to escape their imprisonment. This motif of flying pervades his consciousness, and Stephen desires to ‘fly by those nets’ ‘of nationality, language, religion’ (220). Here, Joyce provides us a double meaning of ‘fly by’, as Stephen’s ambitions to fly past, over and beyond the social constrictions, overlook the second meaning of ‘fly by’, with the meaning of him inevitably using the material of his ‘nationality, language, religion’. Also, while Stephen embraces the namesake of the great artificer, he notably does not deny the spiritual associations of his first name, St Stephen, the first martyr who was stoned to death for the defense of his faith. In addition, the myth of Daedalus also warns against the hubris of Icarus, who falls to his death upon flying too close to the sun. Ultimately, while Stephen is hopeful in his c alling as an artist, his high ambitions carry the consequence of alienation and suffering for his art, in parallel with Icarus and St Stephen, thus leaving us critical of his ability to ‘fly by’ the nets of ‘nationality, language, religion’, without borrowing and relying on them to ‘fly’. In Oranges, religious and fairytale narratives are appropriated and rewritten, to deliberately disrupt the binary heterosexual and patriarchal reading that is imposed by the traditional and fixed reading of these narratives. Furthermore, the autobiographical intertextuality of Winterson’s Oranges allows an integration of the fantasy in Oranges as a story about Jeanette, with the reality of the Winterson’s own life. It is through her process of integrating stories and reality, that Winterson collapses the ‘walls’ of narratives to model a more fluid narrative that accommodates her own personal narrative, ultimately allowing her to ‘fly by’ the narratives which traditionally oppress her identity. Winterson appropriates the religion narrative to construct her identity. Her experimentation with story and narrative begins in her childhood, where she rewrites the Daniel getting eaten by the lions. The Fuzzy-Felt episode is one of the first instances in Jeanette’s childhood where biblical narratives are shown to be open to interpretation, a ‘place where slippage occurs so that Jeanette can see that meaning is in flux, narrative revision is possible, and that the authority to restructure the story and its embedded power relations lies with the storyteller’ (Reisman 14). When confronted by Pastor Finch, she attempts to disguise the story by saying that she was depicting Jonah and the whales, ‘but they don’t do whales in Fuzzy Felt’ (13). The interchangeability of signifiers as proposed by Jeanette in her retelling, presents a threat to the authoritative and exclusivist reading of the church. In response, Pastor Finch seeks to ‘put it rig ht’ (13), suggesting that ‘in his view, there is only one correct version of a story’ (Reisman 14). Through the retelling of the scene that is possible through ‘the medium and Jeanette’s imagination’ (Reisman 14), Jeanette discovers the possibilities of interpretation and the rigidity of the singular interpretation provided by the church, comfortable in its static signifiers for the sake of upholding absolute truth. People like Jeanette’s mother and Pastor Finch cling on to certainty and order that a single authoritative reading of a text provides, conveniently insisting on their correct interpretation of the text, while rejecting the validity of all other interpretations. Jeanette argues that this hanging on to a single authoritative reading establishes ‘order’ and ‘security’, but it is one that ‘doesn’t exist’ and ‘cannot exist’ (96). Initially, Jeanette attempts to reconcile her love for Melanie with her love of the Lord, but she is unable to convey her intended meaning to the priest. She initially sees ‘Melanie as a gift from the Lord’, that ‘it would be ungrateful not to appreciate her’ (104). However, she is unable to convey the mutually inclusive nature of her love for both the Lord and Melanie, as the pastor constantly barrages her with loaded questions. He first asks her ‘Do you deny you love this woman with a love reserved for man and wife?’ (105), to which she replies, ‘No, yes, I mean of course I love her.’ (105) What appears superficially as a confusion resulting from incoherence and guilt, is better explained as a calm, collected and rational attempt to explain her homosexual love to the church. Her initial ‘no’ in response is a negated denial that she loves Melanie with the intensity and quality of a romantic love, like that of the heter osexual romance. She then follows with a ‘yes’, intending to explain that her love is a different kind of romantic love, and that it is certainly not a love that is ‘reserved for man and wife’ (105). While earnest in her attempt to validate and affirm her homosexual romance, it is the very construction of the question that is informed by the uncontested morality of religious narrative, which causes her superficial inarticulateness. Religious language is simply unable to adequately accommodate her position. Ultimately, it is the unquestioning deference to the authority of the biblical narrative that promotes this exclusive, binary conception of romantic love, and denies the validity of Jeanette’s defense. Through the appropriation of religious narratives and symbols, Jeanette is ultimately able to transcend the constrictive biblical narratives. Like walls that ‘protect’ and ‘limit’, Jeanette recognizes the comfort and security offered by these narratives, but also feels that ‘It is in the nature of walls that they should fall. That walls should fall is the consequence of blowing your own trumpet’ (113). ‘At one time or another there will be a choice: you or the wall†¦ The City of Lost Chances is full of those who chose the wall’ (114). Here, Jeanette appropriates the story of the battle of Jericho. Like the prophet Joshua, Jeanette puts faith in the power of the trumpet, a sounding horn, to bring down and conquer these walls. However, unlike Joshua who had received the prophesy from God, she is a prophet who ‘has no book’ and ‘are full of sounds that do not always set into meaning’ (164). In contrast, s he is a prophet who cries out because she is ‘troubled by demons’ (164), which are ‘Not quite’ ‘evil’, ‘just different, and difficult’ (109). While her church views demons are inherently bad, and to be cleansed away and ‘driven out’ (109), Jeanette portrays the demon favorably, as an integral inner voice, ‘here to keep [her] in one piece’ (109). Jeanette accepts the unstable fluidity of all narratives and chooses only to listen to her inner voice, and it is the strength of her personality that allows her to resist the easy comfort and security of these narratives, while consciously appropriating material and symbols of these narratives to construct her own. She confidently assumes the position of the ‘prophet’, as with Stephen, who abandons the order of ‘priesthood’ to become a priest artist. Yet, although both characters reject the dominant discourses of religion, only Jeanette is realistic in recognizing the seductive power of narratives. Thus, she constructs her own narrative, which successfully appropriates and destabilizes the biblical narrative, while Stephen’s desire to ‘fly’ on his own may prove futile. Works Cited Winterson, Jeanette. Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. New York: Grove Press, 1985. Print. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. London: Penguin Books, 1992. Print. H. Howell, Edward. Aesthetics/Religion/Nationalism: Situating the Soul of James Joyce. Philadelphia: Villanova University, 2010. Print. Akoi, Mohammed. â€Å"Stephen and the Technique of Symbol switching in Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses.† Language in India, vol. 13, no. 10, 2013, pp. 294-306. Reisman, Mara. â€Å"Integrating Fantasy and Reality in Jeanette Winterson’s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit.† Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, vol. 65, no. 1, 2011, pp. 11-35.

Primary Differences between Colonial America and England...

There were a myriad of differences between Great Britain and her American colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but these differences can be divided into three basic categories: economic, social, and political. The original American settlers came to the colonies for varied reasons, but a common trait among these settlers was that they still considered themselves British subjects. However, as time passed, the colonists grew disenfranchised from England. Separated from the king by three thousand miles and living in a primitive environment where obtaining simple necessities was a struggle, pragmatism became the common thread throughout all daily life in the colonies. It was this pragmatism that led the colonists to create†¦show more content†¦Dictating that Massachusetts produce a certain annual allowance of cotton for the crown would be ridiculous. Due to distance, the Crown was unable to directly regulate economic policy and trade within the colonies so the c olonists were forced to devise a regulatory system. This system allowed â€Å"a young business man [to] borrow money and move into trade, challenging the commercial position of older, more experienced merchants† (Text, 51). Economic factors, however, were not the only discrepancy between the colonies and England. As time passed, cultural differences became increasingly evident. Pragmatism and diversity were the overlying themes of colonial culture. Indians already lived in America and immigrants from England, France, Spain, Germany, Africa, and Holland soon arrived (Text, 41). These people were all from vastly different cultures, but mutual survival forced them to coexist peacefully. Living side by side created a mix of customs, traditions, and ideas that had never been seen in England. Over time, the different cultures merged and created a uniquely American culture with a modified language and artistic style. English settlers began using words from other countries, creating regional dialects and accents (Text, 41). â€Å"Life in colonial America was as coarse as the physical environment in which it flourished, so much so that English visitors expressed shock at the extent to which immigrants had been transformed in the new world† (Text, 41). TheShow MoreRelatedThe New England And Chesapeake935 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1600s, America began colonization. Each colony had a specific goal or aspiration that it planned to achieve. These colonies were separated into different regions among America. Two specific regions that many historians tend to articulate about. Consisting of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, the New England region presents many intriguing ways of achieving their goals. 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The Middle colonies contained New York, New Jersey, PennsylvaniaRead MoreHistory 309713 Words   |  3 Pages___________________________ WEEK TWO **Individual Assignment** 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resources:  Ch. 6–10 of  Colonial America  and MyHistoryLab   Write  a 350- to 700-word essay response to each of the following questions:    Question 1: How was trade in the New World a source of revenue for monarchies and for the colonies? Question 2: What are the similarities and differences between early colonial and contemporary American beliefs about religious freedom and tolerance? Question 3: Examine Bacon’sRead MoreEnglish Colonies in North America (Ap Us History)1253 Words   |  6 PagesAP US History English Colonies in North America Before the seventeenth century, countries such as Portugal and Spain had controlled the rich lands of the Americas, and England was left out of the race due to religious conflict back home. 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Should Art Therapy Be Effective - 1514 Words

1) Art Therapy Program To test whether an art therapy program is effective at reducing recidivism in serious violent and chronic juvenile offenders, a large control group, and a large experimental group was randomly chosen and assigned. The control group was given an alternative form of treatment (other than art therapy, they were shown videos of violent and chronic juvenile offenders participating in art therapy programs) to act as the baseline for how well those who receive actual art therapy might benefit. Art therapy ran in 1-hour sessions, and videos ran for 1 hour. The experiment will last sixty-four weeks, divided equally between the control group and experimental group. Each group shall consist of 150 Participants randomly selected from court dockets. After twelve weeks, participants will be monitored for 52 weeks to track the results of the experiment. The hypothesis in this experiment is to determine if serious violent and chronic juvenile offenders receive art therapy, will recidivate less often or at all, than those who do not participate in art therapy. Some threats to this experiment are that some participants may have attention deficit disorder and not be able to watch videos or participate in-group activities. Members may drop out, or because they are serious violent and chronic, juvenile offenders, there is the risk of arrests happening before the initial twelve weeks are up. a) 300 participants will be randomly chosen from courts where they were deemedShow MoreRelated Psychotherapy Essay examples998 Words   |  4 PagesI believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated treatments (EVT). 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The On A Crime Story Where The Class Has An Arrangement Of...

Name: John Quach Instructor: Dr.Folayan Course: English 099 Date: 24 May 2017 Thesis statement The storyline is based on a crime story where the class has an arrangement of traditions; they make an abnormal state of expectation, vulnerability, puzzle and nerve-wracking strain. They additionally help the crowd comprehend the film all the more effortlessly and recognize what s in store from it. It additionally ensures that the group of onlookers will appreciate the brutality, tension and secret the film contains having seen comparative movies before. The control of the group of onlookers through plot turns and deception makes disarray and considerably more anticipation. The Usual Suspects was gone for a develop group of onlookers of both†¦show more content†¦Genuine, a considerable lot of these announcements are taken from Verbal s story, so they can t be taken as being authoritative, yet they should contain a sensible component of truth or Kujan, who is obviously acquainted with Keaton s record, would have gotten on it. Be that as it may, Kujan was appropriate around a certain something he is really an entirely shrewd person. After Verbal abandons, it takes Kujan an astonishingly little measure of time to make sense of that Verbal made up the story utilizing points of interest from the release load up. That is some snappy thinking and he is likewise industrious he keeps running outside quickly, however he doesn t have enough time to get Verbal, who s now left, shaking off his fake limp and accepting his actual way of life as Keyser Sà ¶ze, curve criminal. 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Great Expectations By Charles Dickens - 898 Words

Arguably one of the most feared characters in the book and easily the most influential to other characters in the book. In this magnificent work: Great Expectations, Charles Dickens would not even have a story without the compelling and sinister Mr. Jaggers. The reason Jaggers is who he is simply is because his drive for power, which is fueled by his status as London s greatest lawyer continuing to stay intact. Jaggers has acquired this power through many actions; such as, striking fear unto others, maintaining his self-confidence, and never allowing emotions to get the best of him. Mr. Jaggers, at all times, never fails to be cool, calm, and collective. Throughout the novel, we see his numerous interactions with current and previous clients and how he is always in charge of the conversation. When his clients fail to meet his expectations, even by the smallest margin, he is on them immediately and makes a fool of the person. When Pip first sees Jaggers in London there is a crowd of p eople flocking around him all wanting answers. The first two men he talks to are considerably out of sorts and worried about one of Jagger s clients presumably. As all of these emotions escape these two men Jaggers stops them in their tracks and sets them straight as quickly as he can. Next was the two women, and he got rid of them just as quick. â€Å"Once for all. If you don’t know that your Bill’s in good hands, I know it†(183). The two women were too caught up in their emotions for JaggersShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1344 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that is not what they truly need? Often, they use social class to fill a void in their lives that can not be filled by materiali stic possessions. Many people realize this, but it is often too late. Charles Dickens demonstrates the effects of social climbing in his novel, Great Expectations. This novel explores the connections and effects of human nature and society, which are the two most powerful forces that guide people’s decisions. Some may say that social climbing is good, but as will beRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardships provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectat ions by Charles Dickens1285 Words   |  6 PagesAP Great Book Assignment: Great Expectations The 544-page, Bildungsroman novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is considered a classic because it has stood the test of time, appealing to generation after generation of readers while still remaining relevant to them. Published in 1861, Dickens created a coming-of-age story that is similar to his other novel, David Copperfield, but Great Expectations is considered to have reflected parts of his own life. There are several parallels betweenRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginni ng of the novel. From the opening of

Strategic Management free essay sample

SP Singh for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project amp; also for their support in completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents amp; member of Rai Business School for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. ITC has also leveraged the exponentially growing potential of branded packaged food market in India. In addition the different segments of its business such as FMCG products such as (Cigarettes, Life Style Retailing, Greeting, Gifting and Stationary business, Safety matches), Hotels, Paperboards, Paper and Packaging, Agri Business including Agri commodities has allowed the firm to ensure that the business risk of being in the tobacco products does not hamper its growth. THE INTERNAL ANALYSIS THE CORE COMPETENCIES â€Å"Core competencies relate to those resources and capabilities of the firm, that when combined, enable the firm to attain a competitive edge in the market(s) in which it serves. † (RDI 2009b:2) Core competencies differentiates an organisation from all competitors and this is always difficult to imitate. The core competencies in an organisation helps to create value for customers and explore new market opportunities. The core competence in Yum is the development of the support structure for the whole business and not just the developments of formats since the organisation is in the consumer sector. Another Core business is to feed people and not just making food. Repackaging of what people wanted by making it interesting and not under estimating taste, making various products available at affordable prices by putting all the values of quality into consideration. â€Å"Core competencies enable a firm to gain long-term competitive advantage in the Market place. Core competencies lead to levels of performance that are better than competitors. Core competencies are difficult to imitate (by competitors). Core competencies should be long lasting and relate to human intellectual capital† (RDI 2009c:3) The value chain analysis can be used on the core competencies through the process of making the raw materials into finished product and service that is valuable to the customer. The value chain analysis shows the core competencies that can be used as competitive advantage over other organisations. THE EXTERNAL ANALYSIS – The Situational Analysis For Yum to operate profitably in the Chinese market, all the external factors affecting it politically, economically, socially, technologically, legally and environmentally must be considered. This will give the organisation the basic knowledge about the actions outside its environment. This may lead to threats or opportunities. â€Å"A PEST analysis is concerned with auditing the external environment in which the organisation operates to identify the key changes that are taking place. In particular, key changes that will influence the organisation in the future. † (RDI 2009d:4) PEST consists of different macro-economic factors with its usefulness for an organisation to be successful. It is a tool for planning business strategy and understanding all the external factors affecting a business but the business does not have control on. This may include government policies, current and future laws, tax rate, demographics, lifestyles etc. THE POLITICAL FACTOR The political and legal factors include legislative, monopoly, political and employment policies etc. In China, the antitrust law 2008 or the anti-monopoly law was given to foreign organisations trying to acquire or merge with local organisations. The local level of the Ministry of Commerce with different departments in government must critically analyse and certify this merger or acquisition. The political stability in China is good for business and growth in the economy. THE ECONOMIC FACTOR The economic factor includes interest, tax and exchange rates, inflation etc. One of the four key strategies at Yum was to build brands that is leading and significant in China by using its rapid growth in economy and population. China’s economy was the 3rd largest with GDP of around $3370b with regions, provinces and municipalities. There was growth in the annual earnings. THE SOCIAL FACTOR This include demographic (age, population etc. ), education, lifestyle change. The pattern of food consumption in China changed due to more money and prosperity in which suppliers were not able to meet this demand. There was also change in the taste of consumers as a result of tourism. Increase in educated and skilled workforce. The young, affluent, professionals and expatriates pattern of eating also changed as it is viewed as a link in knowing more people and building business relationships. THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR The effect of using the new modern technology will affect the expected results in Yum! with the online presence of Yum where consumers can make orders. A large portion of the population has access to computers and mobile phones etc. THE LEGAL FACTOR This include the laws governing tax and trade in China. This involves all the laws governing China’s environment with social responsibilities. THE SWOT ANALYSIS S – Strength W – Weakness O – Opportunities T – Threat INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT STRENGTH Yum has support structure and not just formats for the whole organisation. It has its distribution system to support the organisation i. e. the management team is strong. The organisation is stable financially by having a formidable position in the market place (leader in market share). Continuous development of unique products and services by repackaging what customers want and not under estimating taste. Product diversity for various customers (strong brand) with the choice of KFC and Taco Bell or Taco Bell and Pizza Hut in a particular location. WEAKNESSES Yum has no online presence i. e. customer cannot make orders on the internet. Slowing down of US sales i. e. underperformance. Small or low market share in US and Europe. There is also the volatile bargaining power form suppliers and buyers (customers) OPPORTUNITIES Continuous expansion through innovative processes e. g. online presence. The expansion of its products and services. Availability of expansion abroad i. e. strategic merger and acquisitions by increasing its growth in China THREATS The issue of Chinese government protecting its brands. The issue of threats from competitors like Macdonalds. Low costs from competitors. The rise in the cost of manpower. The safety of foods. Government modification on laws and tariffs on foreign investments and imported commodities THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL This model is to know where the power is within the business environment. It shows the current and future positions of an organisation within the competitive environment. The Porter’s five forces Rivalry within existing competitors The threat of new entrants The threat of product or service substitute The bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of buyers Fig 1: Porter five competitive forces (Adapted from RDI 2009e:7) Rivalry within existing competitors – This is very high with competitors like Macdonalds, AFC Enterprise, Biglari Holdings Inc. , Bloomin Brands, Inc. etc. The threats of new entrants – this is low as it involves high entry cost for new entrants The threat of product and service substitute – this is very high due to competitors already in China market place. The bargaining power of suppliers – Profitability of Yum depends on this. The bargaining power of buyer – The power of buyers is very high within any organisation as customers have various products to choose from. Yum! has various products which customers can pick from at different locations. . 2. A merger or acquisition occur when two or more organisations come together to form a brand new company or when one organisation acquires others (this or these organisations will cease to exist after the acquisition). Merger and acquisition can be used when penetrating into a new market, expanding business and to have an edge over competitors. ADVANTAGES OF THE MERGER AND ACQUISITION OF LITTLE SHEEP BY YUM It will strengthen Yum! brand in China and bring Little Sheep to different international markets Porter (1987) cited in Hitt et al (1990: 30) discovered that acquisitions often resulted in unsatisfactory performance that in turn led to a large number of post-acquisition divestitures. RISK AND CHALLENGES Increase in competition among restaurants in China Increase in food and health problems with clean environments The problem of raising money for this expansion The problem of verifying and auditing revenues and costs There is also the risk of different culture and mismatch of human resources in the workplace Laying off many employees especially people with similar job function. 3. FACTORS THAT AN ORGANISATION SHOULD INVESTIGATE WHEN CONSIDERING ENTRY INTO EMERGING MARKET The internal factors to be considered are the structure and culture within the organisation STRUCTURE The structure within an organisation affects strategic planning. Function, product, geography and customer based are some structures to be considered. FUNCTION BASED – There should be different departments with different specialisations working together to achieve the corporate aim of the organisation. GEOGRAPHY BASED – The local needs are taken into consideration based on a particular location. CUSTOMER BASED- there should be attention on what people want by repackaging and making it interesting. CULTURE â€Å"Culture defines the way that people are chosen, developed, nurtured, interrelated and rewarded. The culture within the emerging markets should be considered ORGANISATIONAL POLICY The policies with the mission and vision of the organisations in the emerging market must be known STAKEHOLDERS Both internal and external stakeholder’s input should be put into consideration. Internal stakeholder include business owners, shareholders and all employees while external stakeholder include customers, suppliers to the organisation and the government. EXTERNAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED Business Strategy Strong Average Weak Long-term marketattractiveness Highsize of market Medium Low Fig 2: The directional policy matrix (Adapted from RDI 2009g: 2) The long-term market attractiveness and the business strength are the two axes on the directional policy matrix. MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS SITUATION OF INDUSTRY The situation of the industry must be put into consideration. Within some market place, new entrants enter and leave without barriers whereas in others, it is not so as there are barriers making it difficult for new organisations. This is shown in Porter’s framework. There are 3 types of barriers namely artificial (import duty, legislative laws etc.), natural (accessibility, distance and culture) and the competitive barriers already present within the organisation. Factors such as the market size, buyers bargaining power etc. should be considered when entering into an emergent market. ECOMOMY AND CULTURE WITHIN THE INDUSTRY – This should be considered as different economic climate (such as the rate of economic growth, inflation etc. ), human factors affects business. TECHNOLOGY The technological infrastructures should also be considered. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION – this should be considered to know the different types of competitors and the number.

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication free essay sample

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication  © Anthony Pym 2003 Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain* Pre-print version 3. 3 The following is a series of propositions designed to connect a few ideas about translation as a mode of cross-cultural communication. The ideas are drawn from a multiplicity of existing theories; the aim is not particularly to be original. The propositions are instead intended to link up three endeavors: an abstract conception of cross-cultural communication, a description of the specificities of translation, and an attempt to envisage the future of such communication in a globalizing age. The various points at which the propositions draw on or diverge from previous theories are indicated in a series of notes. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. On cross-cultural communication in general Cross-cultural communication involves the perceived crossing of a point of contact between cultures. Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants.